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Wolfgang Miesbach: Mechanisms of Liver Injury After Hemophilia A Gene Therapy
Wolfgang Miesbach, Vincenzo Cardinale/LinkedIn
Sep 23, 2026, 07:07

Wolfgang Miesbach: Mechanisms of Liver Injury After Hemophilia A Gene Therapy

Wolfgang Miesbach, Head of Hemostasis/Hemophilia Center at Frankfurt University Hospital, shared a post on LinkedIn about a recent article he and his colleagues co-authored, published in Haematologica, adding:

“ALT elevation after gene therapy: why ‘transaminitis’ is the wrong word.

New editorial in Haematologica, with Vincenzo Cardinale, on the study by La Mura et al. — the first histopathological, ultrastructural and immunophenotypic characterisation of liver injury after valoctocogene roxaparvovec in severe haemophilia A. Of five treated patients, two developed ALT elevations with loss of transgene expression and underwent transjugular liver biopsy.

Mechanism, confirmed in human tissue. Innate sensing via TLR2 on Kupffer cells and endosomal TLR9 detection of CpG motifs primes capsid-specific CD8+ T cells, which attack transduced hepatocytes at weeks 4–8. Until now this sequence rested on murine and NHP data. The biopsies show it directly: CD8+ predominant interface hepatitis with plasma cell infiltration, high cytotoxic and low regulatory T-cell activity, at exactly the expected window.

Not autoimmune hepatitis. The inflammation was mild and corticosteroid-responsive without prolonged immunosuppression — the profile of drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis (DI-ALH) as defined by the 2023 IAIHG/EASL consensus, not idiopathic AIH.

Two processes at once. Electron microscopy showed marked ER proliferation with elevated BiP, XBP1s and CHOP: unfolded protein response activation from high transgene load, coexisting with immune attack in the same biopsies.

Why efficacy suffers. Fong et al. found transduced hepatocytes carrying full-length circular episomes years after dosing, without inflammation — the tolerised steady state. CD8+ T cells destroy precisely those episome-bearing cells. The two studies bracket the ends of the hepatic response.

The clinical consequence: not every ALT rise above 1.5-fold baseline mandates high-dose steroids. Immunosuppression should target tolerance failure, which biopsy can distinguish from the self-limited innate response. Two cases, one centre, hypothesis-generating — prospective validation is needed before WFH or ISTH guidance changes. CpG-depleted vector designs may eventually address the problem at source.

And it reinforces our 2023 call: haematology and hepatology need to work together at every stage of gene therapy.”

Title: Beyond transaminitis: liver biopsy redefines human gene therapy hepatotoxicity

Authors: Wolfgang Miesbach, Vincenzo Cardinale

Wolfgang Miesbach: Mechanisms of Liver Injury After Hemophilia A Gene Therapy

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ALT DI-ALH drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis Haematologica Health Hematology Hemostasis Hemostasis News Hemostasis Today Medicine transaminitis Wolfgang Miesbach
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